Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor

April 22, 2025

India is on the brink of advancement in its nuclear energy sector with the commissioning of its first Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This marks the second stage of India’s three-stage nuclear programme aimed at recycling spent fuel and minimising radioactive waste. The PFBR is expected to be operational by 2025-26, following approval from the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.

Overview of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor

The PFBR is a pioneering nuclear reactor designed to utilise plutonium-based mixed oxide fuel and liquid sodium as a coolant. It will repurpose spent fuel from existing Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), which are currently the backbone of India’s nuclear power generation. The PFBR is being developed by the Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (Bhavini) as part of a broader strategy to enhance nuclear power capacity.

Role in Nuclear Energy Strategy

The PFBR plays important role in India’s nuclear energy strategy. It is designed to recycle spent fuel, facilitating a closed fuel cycle. This process will eventually support thorium-based reactors, which are planned for the third stage of the nuclear programme. The government aims to generate 100 GW of electricity from nuclear sources, increasing the current capacity.

Current and Future Capacity Expansion

India’s installed nuclear power capacity stands at 8.18 GW. There are ongoing projects that will add 7.30 GW, with an additional 7.00 GW in the pre-project phase. By 2031-32, the total capacity is projected to reach 22.48 GW. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) plans to further expand capacity by 15.40 GW through indigenous PHWRs and 17.60 GW via Light Water Reactors in collaboration with international partners.

Contribution of Bhavini and Other Technologies

Bhavini’s contribution to the nuclear energy landscape includes an expected 3.80 GW from Fast Breeder Reactors. Future advancements will also incorporate Small Modular Reactors, Bharat Small Reactors, and other next-generation technologies developed in partnership with the private sector. This diversified approach is vital for meeting the ambitious nuclear energy targets set by the government.

Timeline and Milestones

The PFBR is in the advanced stage of integrated commissioning, with the first criticality expected by March 2025. Core loading commenced in March 2024, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi overseeing the process. The completion of the PFBR is anticipated by September 2026, marking milestone in India’s nuclear energy journey.

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