Quantum Computing and National Security

March 8, 2025

Recently, NITI Aayog established the NITI Frontier Tech Hub to enhance India’s capabilities in this field. A strategic paper was released detailing the implications of quantum computing on national security. This document marks how quantum technology will reshape various sectors and enhance security measures.

About Quantum Computing

Quantum computing leverages the principles of quantum mechanics. It involves developing hardware and software that operate using quantum bits or qubits. Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition. This property allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations more efficiently.

Fundamental Concepts of Quantum Mechanics

Entanglement: Particles can become entangled, meaning the state of one particle instantly influences another, regardless of distance. This property is crucial for secure quantum communication.
Superposition: Qubits can represent both 0 and 1 at the same time. This ability enables quantum computers to process large amounts of data simultaneously. However, once measured, a qubit collapses to a single state.
Interference: Quantum states can interfere with each other. This interference can enhance the probability of desired outcomes in quantum algorithms while suppressing less probable results.

Quantum Computing and National Security

Quantum computing has implications for national security. The NITI Frontier Tech Hub identifies several areas of concern:

Military Applications: Quantum technologies can improve military logistics and strategies. Autonomous systems may become more efficient through quantum-enabled artificial intelligence.
Cryptography: Quantum computers pose a threat to traditional encryption methods. The development of post-quantum cryptography is essential to protect sensitive information from quantum attacks.
Intelligence Gathering: Enhanced computing power will enable nations to intercept and decode communications on a massive scale, altering espionage strategies.
Economic Warfare: The ability to compromise encryption could destabilise financial markets and lead to economic espionage, impacting national economies.
Geopolitical Power: Dominance in quantum technology will allow countries to influence global technology standards and regulations, shaping international relations.

National Quantum Mission

In 2023, the Government of India launched the National Quantum Mission. It aims to boost research in quantum technologies across four domains – Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing, and Quantum Materials. The mission has a budget of Rs 6,003.65 crore for eight years, focusing on scientific and industrial advancements.

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