SC’s Directive on Forest Conservation Efforts

March 5, 2025

Recently, the Supreme Court of India mandated that Chief Secretaries of States and Administrators of Union Territories must establish expert committees to identify forests within their jurisdictions. This order follows a long-standing legal precedent established in 1996, which defines forests broadly and includes various types of forest lands. The court’s push for action marks the importance of proper forest management and conservation in India.

Background of Forest Conservation Laws

In 1980, the Forest Act was enacted to protect and manage forest resources. The Supreme Court’s landmark judgment in December 1996 expanded the definition of “forest” to include all areas recognised as forests, regardless of ownership or classification. This broad interpretation aims to safeguard ecological balance and ensure comprehensive conservation efforts across the country.

Recent Developments and Court Orders

In recent months, the Supreme Court reiterated its stance on forest conservation. In November 2023 and February 2024, the court emphasised the necessity for States to comply with the 1996 ruling. The court’s March 2025 order warned of personal liability for officials who fail to act.

Role of Expert Committees

The expert committees, as mandated by the Supreme Court, are responsible for identifying all forested areas, including degraded and cleared lands. They will also consider plantation areas owned by both government and private entities. This comprehensive identification process is crucial for implementing conservation measures effectively.

Implications of the 2023 Forest Act Amendments

The amendments to the Forest Act in 2023 have raised concerns among environmentalists. Critics argue that the amendments narrow the definition of “forest,” potentially excluding areas from legal protection. Such exclusions may lead to ecological imbalance, as brought into light by the petitioners in the Supreme Court.

Importance of Consolidated Records

The Supreme Court has mandated that States and Union Territories submit consolidated records of their forest lands. This requirement is essential for understanding the extent of forest cover and for planning conservation strategies. Accurate records will help in monitoring changes and ensuring compliance with conservation laws.

Future Steps for Forest Management

The court has directed that the identification process be completed in a timely manner. Reports will be submitted to the Union government, which will then present them to the Supreme Court. This process is intended to enhance accountability and ensure that forest management aligns with legal requirements.

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