Kerala’s Waste Management Crisis

February 25, 2025

Recent reports highlight Kerala’s unsustainable waste management practices. The state has been offloading non-biodegradable waste to neighbouring states, primarily Tamil Nadu. This approach is seen as a temporary solution that shifts the burden rather than addressing the root causes. The report titled “Choking on Toxic Smoke – The Brahmapuram Garbage Disaster in Kochi and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kerala” emphasises the necessity for internal solutions.

Background of the Waste Crisis

Kerala generates approximately 11,449 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily.
This waste comes from six municipal corporations, 87 municipalities, and 941 panchayats.
The state’s waste management has been devolved to local self-governments since 1994.
However, many urban local bodies struggle to comply with the Solid Waste Rules of 2000, which require centralised disposal facilities.

The Brahmapuram Fire Incident

The Brahmapuram fire in March 2023 brought into light the severity of the waste crisis. The blaze destroyed 800,000 tonnes of legacy waste and released harmful pollutants. Scientific analyses confirmed the release of hazardous substances, raising concerns about long-term health impacts on local communities.

Challenges in Waste Management

Decentralised waste management models, such as those in Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapuram, show promise but face challenges. Issues include insufficient infrastructure, underutilisation of facilities, and unreliable waste composition data. Audits revealed that urban local bodies failed to conduct mandated surveys.

Plastic and E-Waste Issues

Despite a ban on single-use plastics in 2020, plastic pollution remains a major concern. Microplastics are now present in major water bodies. E-waste management is also problematic, with lax compliance to safety protocols. Hazardous materials are often improperly stored, posing environmental risks.

Recommendations for Sustainable Solutions

The report advocates for integrating waste management with broader development strategies. It suggests that Kerala should align waste management with land-use planning, public health, and social justice initiatives. Authorities must critically evaluate high-cost waste-to-energy plants and consider more sustainable options.

Innovative Local Initiatives

Some local self-governing institutions have begun microenterprise schemes focused on reusing and recycling waste. These initiatives not only improve waste management but also create local employment opportunities. The report encourages replicating successful models across Kerala.

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