Marburg Virus Outbreak in Africa

December 3, 2024

The Marburg virus has recently emerged as health threat in Africa, which has led to at least 15 deaths and hundreds of infections in Rwanda. The virus has rapidly spread across 17 African countries within the last two months.

Transmission and Symptoms

The Marburg virus is primarily transmitted by fruit bats. Human infections can occur through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces. Symptoms typically manifest between two to 21 days after exposure. Initial symptoms include high fever, headaches, and body aches. By the third day, patients may experience diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and vomiting.

Severe Symptoms and Complications

Around day five, severe symptoms can develop, which may include bleeding from various body parts, such as the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or gums. In some cases, swelling of the testicles may occur later. Death often occurs between days eight and nine, usually due to severe blood loss and shock.

Healthcare workers and individuals involved in funeral practices are at increased risk of infection. Direct contact with infected persons or their fluids heightens the likelihood of transmission.

Travel Advisory

The UK Health Security Agency has issued a travel warning. It advises caution for those visiting affected regions, including Rwanda, Burundi, and several others in Africa. The advisory also mentions other diseases like Clade 1 and Oropouche fever prevalent in these areas.

Prevention and Treatment

Currently, there are no vaccines or specific antiviral treatments available for Marburg virus. However, early medical intervention can improve survival rates. Rehydration and symptomatic treatment are crucial for affected individuals.

Important Facts for Exams:
Clade 1: Clade 1 refers to a specific lineage of viruses. It is known for causing severe diseases. This clade is prevalent in certain regions, including parts of Africa.
Oropouche Fever: Oropouche fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, and joint pain. It is endemic in parts of South America and the Caribbean.
Fruit Bats: Fruit bats are primary carriers of the Marburg virus. They play important role in the virus’s transmission to humans. Their habitats span various regions, including Africa and Asia.

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