What is Marburg Virus?

October 9, 2024

Rwanda is currently facing its first Marburg virus outbreak, with 46 confirmed infections and 12 deaths. Most of the affected people are healthcare workers (80% of the cases), which is especially concerning because the country has only around 1,500 doctors to care for a population of over 13 million. This could put a lot of pressure on Rwanda’s healthcare system.

What Is the Marburg Virus?

The Marburg virus is one of the most dangerous viruses known. It causes a disease called Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), which can kill between 24% and 88% of those who get it, depending on how well the outbreak is managed. The virus was first found in 1967 in Marburg, Germany, and most cases have since been reported in Africa. Marburg is related to Ebola, as both belong to a group of viruses called filoviruses.

How Does MVD Spread?

The Marburg virus originally spread to humans from Rousettus bats, which live in caves and mines. After a person is infected, the virus can spread from human to human through direct contact with bodily fluids like blood, vomit, or urine. It can also spread by touching contaminated surfaces or objects. Healthcare workers are at high risk because they are in close contact with sick patients.

Symptoms of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)

Symptoms usually start between 2 to 21 days after someone is infected and include High fever, Severe headache, Muscle pain, Diarrhea (watery), Stomach pain, and Vomiting.

In severe cases, people can experience bleeding (hemorrhaging), and many die within 8 to 9 days due to blood loss and shock.

Prevention and Treatment

There are currently no approved vaccines or specific treatments for Marburg virus. The best doctors can do is provide supportive care, such as giving fluids to prevent dehydration and managing the symptoms. Rwanda is exploring experimental vaccines and treatments. For example, the Sabin Vaccine Institute has provided 700 doses of an experimental vaccine to protect frontline healthcare workers.

About the Marburg Virus

The Marburg virus was first discovered during outbreaks in Germany and Serbia in 1967. It causes hemorrhagic fever, which means that it can lead to severe internal bleeding and organ failure. The virus is passed between people through bodily fluids, and its natural host is believed to be fruit bats. Although outbreaks of Marburg are rare, they are often devastating when they do occur.

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