What is Human Parvovirus B19?

August 16, 2024

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a warning on August 13, about an increase in cases of parvovirus B19, also known as “fifth disease.” This is a highly contagious infection that is currently affecting many young children in the United States. There has also been a spike in cases across 14 European countries earlier in 2024.

What is Parvovirus B19?

Parvovirus B19 is a virus that spreads through the air via tiny droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is a seasonal virus, meaning it tends to appear more during certain times of the year. People who have the virus might not show any symptoms, but they can still spread it to others. The CDC has noticed an unusual rise in the number of infections, even though this virus is not usually monitored closely.

What are the Symptoms?

When someone gets infected with parvovirus B19, they might first feel like they have the flu, with symptoms such as muscle aches, fever, headache, and feeling very tired. After a few days, more noticeable symptoms can appear, like:

A red rash on the face that looks like the person’s cheeks have been slapped.
Joint pain and swelling.
A rash on other parts of the body.

How is it Treated?

There is no specific medicine to cure parvovirus B19. Treatment focuses on making the person feel better by relieving symptoms like fever and pain. Most people recover without any serious problems. However, those with weakened immune systems or certain blood disorders might face more severe issues, such as anemia (a condition where the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells).

Who is Most at Risk?

Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to parvovirus B19. If they become infected, there is a small risk (5-10%) of complications, including miscarriage. The virus can be passed from the mother to the fetus.

How Contagious is It?

People are most contagious in the early stages of the infection, even before the rash appears. Once the rash shows up, the risk of spreading the virus decreases. Since there is no vaccine to prevent parvovirus B19, the CDC recommends basic hygiene practices like regular hand washing, wearing masks, and taking general precautions to avoid getting infected.

More About Parvovirus B19

Parvovirus B19 was first discovered in 1975. It primarily infects humans and is known for causing fifth disease, especially in children. The virus attacks certain cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to anemia in people with certain health conditions. It is mainly spread through respiratory droplets, but it can also be transmitted through blood. Although many people do not show symptoms, the virus can cause serious complications, especially during pregnancy.

What is the Fifth Disease?

The fifth disease is most common in children and is known for the distinctive red rash on the cheeks. The name “fifth disease” comes from its place on a historical list of common childhood rashes. While the disease is usually mild and goes away on its own in one to three weeks, it can cause anemia in people with certain blood disorders. Severe cases are rare, but when they occur, they require careful medical attention.

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