1. Terms Kagyu, Sakya, Gelugpa, Jonangpa pertain to which of the following religion:
[A] Jainism
[B] Buddhism
[C] Baha’i
[D] Judaism
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [Buddhism ]
Notes:- Nyingmapa school is the oldest school of Tibetan Buddhism. It claims as its founder Padmasambhava, also called Guru Rinpoche, “Beloved Master,” which places its beginning in the late 8th century. Padmasambhava is credited with building Samye, the first monastery in Tibet, in about 779 CE. Along with tantric practices, Nyingmapa emphasizes revealed teachings attributed to Padmasambhava plus the “great perfection” or Dzogchen Wear red hats.
- The Kagyu school emerged from the teachings of Marpa “The Translator” (1012-1099) and his student, Milarepa. Kagyu is best known for its system of meditation and practice called Mahamudra. Use the “new translation”. The head of the Kagyu school is called the Karmapa.
- Sakya teachers converted the Mongol leaders Godan Khan and Kublai Khan to Buddhism. The headquarters of the Sakya sect today are at Rajpur in Uttar Pradesh, India.
- The Gelugpa school sometimes called the “yellow hat” sect of Tibetan Buddhism, was founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), one of Tibet’s greatest scholars. It is also a new school which has two kinds of leaders they are; Ganden Tripa (spiritual head) and Dalai Lama (temporal leader)
- Jonangpa school was founded in the late 13th century. Jonangpa is distinguished chiefly by Kalachakra, its approach to Tantra yoga.
2. Consider the following situations:
- Pelicans and cormorants feeding in the ocean
- Spiders and mantis preying on the same bush’s insects
- Diverse songbirds feeding and nesting together in a woodland
- Microorganisms acting as residents in different body organs of humans, such as the skin, nose, and mouth
These are best examples of which of the following ecological interactions?
[A] Amensalism
[B] Commensalism
[C] Mutualism
[D] Neutralism
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [Neutralism]
Notes:
The situations describe neutralism, a relationship where coexisting species show negligible or no direct influence on each other. True neutralism is rare and hard to demonstrate conclusively, but in these examples, such as pelicans and cormorants feeding in the same area or microorganisms inhabiting different body organs, species neither harm nor benefit one another significantly.
3. Consider the following pairs:
- Commensialism– one species harms the presence of the other species.
- Mutualism– both species benefit.
- Parasitism– one species benefits while one is harmed.
- Naturalism– neither benefits.
- Predation– one species benefits while the other dies.
- Amensalism – where one species benefits while the other is unaffected.
Which of the pairs given above are correct?
[A] Only 1, 2 & 4
[B] Only 2, 3 & 5
[C] Only 1, 3, 4 & 6
[D] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [Only 2, 3 & 5]
Notes:- Mutualism is simply described as a relationship in which both species benefit from one another. This relationship might exist either inside a species or between two species. All living organisms, including humans, animals, birds, plants, and other microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, have a mutual interaction.
- Commensalism is a relationship between members of two species in which one derives food or other benefits from the other without harming or benefiting the latter. The remora (family Echineidae), which rides on the backs of sharks and other fish, is a well-known example of a commensal.
- Competition is the interaction of organisms or species that require a resource that is in limited supply.
- In an ecosystem, predation and parasitism are the two types of interspecific interactions. Both predation and parasitism are negative interactions. In predation, the predator is the active creature, whereas the victim is a passive organism. In parasitism, the parasite is the active organism, while the host is the passive one. Predation differs from parasitism in that predation results in the immediate death of the prey, whereas parasitism does not result in the death of the host organism.
- Amensalism is a negative relationship between two species in which one species harms or restricts the presence of the other species without being negatively affected or injured. Antibiotic-secreting organisms and the species that are inhibited by antibiotics are both examples of amensalism.
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