Electoral Reforms in India – UGC-NTA NET Political Science

Electoral reforms refer to changes made to improve the electoral process. These changes focus on ensuring free and fair elections. They also aim to enhance the integrity of the electoral system. Reforms are crucial for building public trust and increasing voter participation.

Historical Background

The journey of electoral reforms in India began with the establishment of the Election Commission of India (ECI) in 1950. This body was created to oversee and administer elections in the country. Major reforms have been initiated in various phases, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. These reforms were crucial in shaping the current electoral landscape.

Key Electoral Reforms

Representation of the People Act, 1950 & 1951

The Representation of the People Act laid down the framework for conducting elections. It governs the electoral process and the functioning of political parties in India. This act is foundational for Indian democracy.

Election Commission of India (ECI)

The ECI is a constitutional authority responsible for administering elections. It ensures that elections are conducted in a free and fair manner. The commission has the power to supervise, direct, and control the entire process of elections in the country.

Voter ID System

The introduction of Voter ID cards was step towards ensuring identity verification. This system helps prevent impersonation and ensures that only eligible voters can cast their ballots.

Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)

EVMs were introduced in the 1990s to enhance the efficiency of the voting process. They reduce the chances of malpractices associated with traditional ballot papers. EVMs have been widely accepted and are now a standard feature in Indian elections.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)

VVPAT was implemented to ensure transparency in EVM results. It allows voters to verify their vote through a paper trail. This system enhances the credibility of the voting process.

Major Recommendations and Reports

Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990)

The Dinesh Goswami Committee recommended reforms in electoral laws. It suggested state funding of elections to reduce dependency on private donations. This move aimed to enhance transparency and reduce corruption.

National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2001)

This commission recommended changes to the electoral process. It proposed the introduction of a two-party system to simplify governance and reduce fragmentation in the political landscape.

Election Commission’s Recommendations

Over the years, the ECI has made various recommendations for electoral reforms. These include improvements in campaign financing, updating electoral rolls, and ensuring fair conduct during elections.

Political Party Reforms

Registration of Political Parties

All political parties must register with the ECI. This registration is essential for ensuring accountability and transparency in party operations.

Funding and Expenditure

Reforms have been suggested to ensure transparency in political party funding. There are recommendations for expenditure limits to prevent the influence of money in politics.

Internal Democracy

Internal democracy within political parties is crucial. Emphasis on internal elections ensures that party members have a say in decision-making processes.

Voter Participation and Awareness

Voter Education Programs

The ECI conducts various voter education programs. These initiatives aim to inform citizens about their rights and the electoral process. Educated voters are more likely to participate in elections.

Increase in Voter Turnout

Efforts have been made to enhance voter turnout, especially among youth and marginalised communities. Campaigns and outreach programs focus on encouraging these groups to exercise their right to vote.

Challenges to Electoral Reforms

Corruption and Criminalization

One of the challenges is the presence of candidates with criminal backgrounds. Stricter laws are needed to address this issue and ensure that only eligible candidates contest elections.

Electoral Violence

Electoral violence remains a concern during elections. Issues of intimidation and violence can deter voters from participating in the electoral process.

Political Patronage

The influence of money and muscle power in elections poses challenge. This patronage can distort the electoral process and undermine democracy.

Recent Developments

Supreme Court Rulings

The Supreme Court has delivered various judgments aimed at enhancing electoral integrity. These rulings include disqualification of candidates with serious criminal charges, reinforcing the need for clean politics.

Use of Technology

There are ongoing discussions about the use of technology in elections. Innovations like blockchain are being explored for secure voting processes. These technologies could revolutionise the electoral landscape.

Future Directions

Comprehensive Electoral Reforms

There is a growing call for a holistic approach to electoral reforms. Comprehensive reforms should address various aspects of the electoral process to ensure its effectiveness.

Strengthening the ECI

Proposals to enhance the powers and autonomy of the ECI are being discussed. A stronger ECI can better manage and oversee elections.

Public Funding of Elections

Debates on public funding for political parties are ongoing. State funding could reduce corruption and ensure a level playing field for all parties.